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Tokyo Rose (alternative spelling Tokio Rose) was a generic name given by Allied troops in the South Pacific during World War II to what they believed were multiple English-speaking female broadcasters of Japanese propaganda. The broadcasts were aimed at Allied forces in the Pacific, with the intent of lowering morale. "American servicemen in the Pacific often listened to the propaganda broadcasts to get a sense, by reading between the lines, of the effect of their military actions." "She often undermined the anti-American scripts by reading them in a playful, tongue-in-cheek fashion, even going as far as to warn her listeners to expect a “subtle attack” on their morale." "Farther from the action, stories circulated that Tokyo Rose could be unnervingly accurate, naming units and even individual servicemen".〔 Such stories have never been substantiated by documents such as scripts and recorded broadcasts, but they have been reflected in popular books and films such as ''Flags of Our Fathers''. Similar rumors surround the propaganda broadcasts of Lord Haw-Haw and Axis Sally. Iva Toguri is the most famously-linked name behind the Tokyo Rose persona. Toguri was a native to Los Angeles and was stranded in Japan because she was visiting her family when the war broke out.〔 Toguri’s prominence saw her branded as one of the war’s most notorious propagandists, but evidence shows that she was not a Japanese sympathizer. Toguri’s program became conflated with more vicious propaganda,〔 and she was arrested and convicted of treason after the Japanese surrender. She was released from prison in 1956, but it was more than 20 years before she received an official presidential pardon for her role in the war. ==''The Zero Hour''== More than a dozen female Japanese broadcasters were dubbed “Tokyo Rose,” but the name is most strongly associated with Iva Toguri, an American citizen born to Japanese immigrants. Toguri broadcast during the 15-20 minute D.J. segment of the 75-minute program ''The Zero Hour'' on Radio Tokyo (NHK). The program consisted of propaganda-tinged skits and slanted news reports as well as of popular American music. Using the handle “Orphan Ann,”〔 the smoky-voiced Toguri soon became a legend of the Pacific Theater. By late 1943, thousands of GIs regularly tuned in to “The Zero Hour,” a radio show where she played pop music in between slanted battle reports and put-downs aimed at U.S. troops.〔 After World War II ended in 1945, the U.S. military detained Toguri for a year before releasing her for lack of evidence. Department of Justice officials agreed that her broadcasts were "innocuous". But when Toguri tried to return to the US, a popular uproar ensued because Walter Winchell (a powerful broadcasting personality) and the American Legion lobbied relentlessly for a trial, prompting the Federal Bureau of Investigation to renew its investigation of Toguri's wartime activities. Her 1949 trial resulted in a conviction on one of eight counts of treason. In 1974, investigative journalists found that key witnesses claimed that they were forced to lie during testimony. U.S. President Gerald Ford pardoned Toguri in 1977.〔 The name "Tokyo Rose" in the context of these broadcasts first appeared in U.S. newspapers in 1943.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tokyo Rose」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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